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1.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 76(3): 131-138, Mar. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888369

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To describe and compare the vestibular findings most evident among the hereditary ataxias, as well as correlate their clinical features with the nervous structures affected in this disease. Methods Seventy-five patients were evaluated and underwent a case history, otorhinolaryngological and vestibular assessments. Results Clinically, the patients commonly had symptoms of gait disturbances (67.1%), dizziness (47.3%), dysarthria (46%) and dysphagia (36.8%). In vestibular testing, alterations were predominantly evident in caloric testing (79%), testing for saccadic dysmetria (51%) and rotational chair testing (47%). The presence of alterations occurred in 87% of these patients. A majority of the alterations were from central vestibular dysfunction (69.3%). Conclusion This underscores the importance of the contribution of topodiagnostic labyrinthine evaluations for neurodegenerative diseases as, in most cases, the initial symptoms are otoneurological; and these evaluations should also be included in the selection of procedures to be performed in clinical and therapeutic monitoring.


RESUMO Objetivo Descrever e comparar os achados vestibulares mais evidentes entre a ataxia hereditária, bem como correlacionar seus aspectos clínicos com o estudo das estruturas nervosas afetadas nesta doença. Métodos 75 pacientes foram avaliados e submetidos aos seguintes procedimentos: anamnese, avaliação otorrinolaringológica e vestibular. Resultados Clinicamente, os pacientes apresentaram sintomas de distúrbios da marcha (67,1%), tonturas (47,3%), disartria (46%) e disfagia (36,8%). No teste vestibular, as alterações foram predominantemente evidentes no teste calórico (79%), dismetria sacádicas (51%) e no teste rotatório (47%). A presença de alterações ocorreu em 87% dos pacientes. A maioria das alterações observadas foram da disfunção vestibular central (69,3%). Conclusão O estudo ressalta a importância da contribuição da avaliação labiríntica no topodiagnóstico para doenças neurodegenerativas, uma vez que, na maioria dos casos, os sintomas iniciais são otoneurológicos, e essas avaliações também devem ser incluídas na seleção de procedimentos a serem realizados no monitoramento clínico e terapêutico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/diagnosis , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/epidemiology , Vestibular Diseases/diagnosis , Vestibular Diseases/epidemiology , Vestibular Function Tests/methods , Brazil/epidemiology , Deglutition Disorders/physiopathology , Deglutition Disorders/epidemiology , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/physiopathology , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics , Nystagmus, Pathologic/physiopathology , Nystagmus, Pathologic/epidemiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Sex Distribution , Gait Disorders, Neurologic/physiopathology , Gait Disorders, Neurologic/epidemiology , Dizziness/physiopathology , Dizziness/epidemiology , Dysarthria/physiopathology , Dysarthria/epidemiology , Mutation
2.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 74(3): 244-252, Mar. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-777121

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Hereditary ataxias (HA) represents an extensive group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive ataxia combined with extra-cerebellar and multi-systemic involvements, including peripheral neuropathy, pyramidal signs, movement disorders, seizures, and cognitive dysfunction. There is no effective treatment for HA, and management remains supportive and symptomatic. In this review, we will focus on the symptomatic treatment of the main autosomal recessive ataxias, autosomal dominant ataxias, X-linked cerebellar ataxias and mitochondrial ataxias. We describe management for different clinical symptoms, mechanism-based approaches, rehabilitation therapy, disease modifying therapy, future clinical trials and perspectives, genetic counseling and preimplantation genetic diagnosis.


RESUMO As ataxias hereditárias representam um grupo complexo de doenças neurodegenerativas, e se caracterizam por ataxia cerebelar progressiva, associada a sinais e sintomas extra-cerebelares e sistêmicos, os quais incluem: neuropatia periférica, sinais piramidais, distúrbios do movimento, convulsões e disfunção cognitiva. Não existe um tratamento efetivo para a cura das ataxias hereditárias. Até o momento os tratamentos disponíveis são apenas sintomáticos. Nesta revisão vamos abordar tratamento sintomático das principais ataxias autossômicas recessivas, ataxias autossômicas dominantes, ataxias ligadas ao X e ataxias mitocondriais. Descrevemos os diferentes sintomas, abordagens terapêuticas baseadas no mecanismo fisiopatológico, terapia de reabilitação, terapia modificadora da doença, futuros ensaios clínicos, perspectivas, níveis de evidência, aconselhamento genético e diagnóstico genético pré-implantacional.


Subject(s)
Humans , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/therapy , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/classification , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics , Genetic Counseling
3.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 71(6): 345-348, jun. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-677612

ABSTRACT

Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias are a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders. In 1981, a neurological entity comprised by early onset progressive cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, pyramidal weakness of the limbs and retained or increased upper limb reflexes and knee jerks was described. This disorder is known as early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes. In this article, we aimed to call attention for the diagnosis of early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes as the second most common cause of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias, after Friedreich ataxia, and also to perform a clinical spectrum study of this syndrome. In this data, 12 patients from different families met all clinical features for early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes. Dysarthria and cerebellar atrophy were the most common features in our sample. It is uncertain, however, whether early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes is a homogeneous disease or a group of phenotypically similar syndromes represented by different genetic entities. Further molecular studies are required to provide definitive answers to the questions that remain regarding early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes.

.

As ataxias cerebelares autossômicas recessivas são um grupo heterogêneo de doenças neurológicas. Em 1981, foi descrita uma entidade neurológica incluindo ataxia cerebelar progressiva de início precoce, disartria, liberação piramidal e manutenção ou aumento dos reflexos tendíneos nos membros superiores e inferiores. Essa síndrome é conhecida como ataxia cerebelar de início precoce com reflexos mantidos. Neste artigo, o objetivo foi chamar a atenção para o diagnóstico de ataxia cerebelar de início precoce com reflexos mantidos como a segunda causa mais comum de ataxia cerebelar autossômica recessiva, após a ataxia de Friedreich, e também realizar um estudo do espectro clínico da síndrome. Doze pacientes de diferentes famílias preencheram os critérios clínicos para ataxia cerebelar de início precoce com reflexos mantidos. Disartria e atrofia cerebelar foram as características mais frequentes. No entanto, não há consenso se a ataxia cerebelar de início precoce com reflexos mantidos é uma doença homogênea ou um grupo de síndromes com fenótipos semelhantes representadas por diferentes entidades genéticas. Estudos moleculares futuros são necessários para fornecer respostas definitivas para as questões pendentes em relação à ataxia cerebelar de início precoce com reflexos mantidos.

.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Reflex, Stretch , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/diagnosis , Age of Onset , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Retrospective Studies , Reflex, Stretch/genetics , Severity of Illness Index , Syndrome , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/physiopathology
4.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 73 Suppl 1: 38-48, 2013.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1165149

ABSTRACT

Chronic ataxias are an heterogeneous group of disorders that affect the child at different ages. Thus, the congenital forms, generally non progressive are observed from first months of life and are expressed by hypotonia and motor delay long before the ataxia became evident. The cerebral magnetic resonance images (MRI) may be diagnostic in some pictures like Joubert syndrome. The group of progressive hereditary ataxias, usually begin after the infant period. The clinical signs are gait instability and ocular apraxia that can be associated with oculocutaneous telangiectasias (ataxia-telangiesctasia) or with sensory neuropathy (Friedreich ataxia). In this review are briefly described congenital ataxias and in more detailed form the progressive hereditary ataxias autosomal recessive, autosomal dominants and mitochondrials. The importance of genetic study is emphasized, because it is the key to obtain the diagnosis in the majority of these diseases. Although now there are no treatments for the majority of progressive hereditary ataxias, some they have like Refsum disease, vitamine E deficiency, Coenzyme Q10 deficiency and others, thus the diagnosis in these cases is even more important. At present the diagnosis of childhood hereditary ataxia not yet treatable is fundamental to obtain suitable handling, determine a precise outcome and to give to the family an opportune genetic counseling.


Subject(s)
Cerebellar Ataxia/genetics , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics , Cerebellar Ataxia/diagnosis , Cerebellar Ataxia/physiopathology , Ataxia/diagnosis , Ataxia/physiopathology , Ataxia/genetics , Child , Muscle Weakness/diagnosis , Muscle Weakness/physiopathology , Muscle Weakness/genetics , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/diagnosis , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/physiopathology , Chronic Disease , Mitochondrial Diseases/diagnosis , Mitochondrial Diseases/physiopathology , Mitochondrial Diseases/genetics , Female , Humans , Male , Ubiquinone/deficiency , Ubiquinone/genetics
5.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 55(3B): 519-29, set. 1997. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-205347

ABSTRACT

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) and Machado-Joseph disease or spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (MJD/SCA3) are three distinctive forms of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) caused by expansions of an unstable CAG repeat localized in the coding region of the causative genes. Another related disease, dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is also caused by an unstable triplet repeat and can present as SCA in late onset patients. We investigated the frequency of the SCA1, SCA2, MJD/SCA3 and DRPLA mutations in 328 Brazilian patients with SCA, belonging to 90 unrelated families with various patterns of inheritance and originating in different geographic regions of Brazil. We found mutations in 35 families (39 percent), 32 of them with a clear autosomal dominant inheritance. The frequency of the SCA1 mutation was 3 percent of all patients; and 6 percent in the dominantly inherited SCAs. We identified the SCA2 mutation in 6 percent of all families and in 9 percent of the families with autosomal dominant inheritance. The MJD/SCA3 mutation was detected in 30 percent of all patients; and in the 44 percent of the dominantly inherited cases. We found no DRPLA mutation. In addition, we observed variability in the frequency of the different mutations according to geographic origin of the patients, which is probably related to the distinct colonization of different parts of Brazil. These results suggest that SCA may be occasionally caused by the SCA1 and SCA2 mutations in the Brazilian population, and that the MJD/SCA3 mutation is the most common cause of dominantly inherited SCA in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adult , Middle Aged , Adolescent , Mutation/genetics , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics , Brazil , Chromosome Aberrations/genetics , DNA Mutational Analysis , Genes, Dominant , Machado-Joseph Disease/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Trinucleotide Repeats
6.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 55(3B): 666-76, set. 1997. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-205373

ABSTRACT

As heredoataxias constituem grupo complexo de doenças neurodegenerativas hereditárias, para o qual várias formas de classificaçäo clínica e patológica foram propostas com sucesso variável. O desenvolvimento das tTcnicas de biologia molecular trouxe informaçöes importantes que têm permitido caracterizar geneticamente as ataxias cerebelares hereditárias. O reconhecimento das doenças causadas por expansöes de trinucleotídeos abre novo capítulo para a pesquisa sobre outros mecanismos de doenças, como na ataxia de Friedreich e nas várias formas de ataxia cerebelar autossômica dominante(SCA1 a SCA7), das quais a doença de Machado-Joseph/SCA3 parece ser a mais comum no nosso meio. A deficiência familial de vitamina E (cromossomo 8q) leva a quadro semelhante ao da ataxia de Friedreich (cromossomo 9p), mas responde à reposiçäo oral de tocoferol. Formas familiais de ataxia periódica com (cromossomo 12p) ou sem (cromossomo 19p) mioquimia foram caracterizadas, a primeira resultado de mutaçöes dos gens de canais de potássio. Os portadores do gen da ataxia-teleangiectasia (cromossomo 11q) representam 1-3 por cento da populaç1 e säo suscetíveis aos efeitos oncogânicos da radiaçäo iônica. Sem olvidar da importância da avaliaçäo clínica neurológica, a avaliaçäo genética laboratorial passa a ser valiosa ferramenta para o diagnóstico e aconselhamento genético, além do melhor entendimento da patogênese dessas doenças.


Subject(s)
Humans , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/classification , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/diagnosis , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics
7.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 54(3): 412-8, set. 1996. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-184771

ABSTRACT

The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of late onset neurodegenerative disorders. To date, seven different genes causing autosomal dominant SCA have been mapped:SCA1,SCA2, Machado-Joseph disease(MJD)/SCA3,SCA4,SCA5,SCA7 and dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA). Expansions of an unstable trinucleotide CAG repeat cause three of these disorders: SCA1, MJD/SCA3 and DRPLA. We studied one Brazilian family segregating an autosomal dominant type of SCA. A total of ten individuals were examined and tested for the presence of the SCA1, MJD and DRPLA mutations. Three individuals, one male and two females, were considered affected based on neurological examination; ages at onset were: 32, 36 and 41 years. The first complaint in all three patients was gait ataxia which progressed slowly over the years. Six individuals showed one allele containing an expanded CAG repeat in the SCA1 gene. The mean size of the expanded allele was 48.2 CAG units. Instability of the expanded CAG tract was seen in the two transmissions that were observed in this family. In both occasions there was a contraction of the CAG tract. Our study demonstrates that SCA1 occurs in the Brazilian population. In addition, our results stress the importance of molecular studies in the confirmation of diagnosis and for pre-symptomatic testing in SCAs.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics , Family , Genetic Heterogeneity , Mutation , Alleles , Brazil , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/blood , DNA , Genetic Counseling , Pedigree , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Trinucleotide Repeats
8.
In. Nitrini, Ricardo; Machado, Luís dos Ramos; Yacubian, Elza Marcia Targas; Rabello, Getúlio Daré. Condutas em neurologia: 1995. Säo Paulo, Clínica Neurológica HC/FMUSP, 1995. p.80-85, ilus.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-165396
9.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 51(1): 21-30, mar.-maio 1993. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-126150

ABSTRACT

Há, até o momento, notícia de 9 famílias näo aparentadas com o diagnóstico clínico de doença de Machado-Joseph (MJD) no Brasil. Esta é a maior família do mundo com doença. É de origem açoriana e contem 622 indivíduos na árvore fenealógica. Destes, 236 foram examinados. Dois examinadores julgaron 39 como afetados. Respectivamente 12, 23 e 4 pacientes tinham os fenôtipos I, II e III da doença, com idades no início variando entre 10-48, 14-54 e 30-55. Doença tipo I de início juvenil näo mostrou atrofia täo severa nas imagens por ressonância magnética (RM) quanto doença tipo II de duraçäo igual, demonstrando que severidade clínica e grau de atrofia näo caminham paralelamente. Nenhum dos 8 pacientes examinados por RM tinha atrofia olivar ou anormalidades no globo pálido. Doze pacientes e 23 sob risco foram submetidos a avaliaçäo neuropsicológica. A atençäo foi normal em todos. Memória verbal estava pior nos doentes com maior decaimento com o tempo que nos sob risco. Ambos os grupos tiveram pontuaçäo abaixo do normal na identificaçäo de silhuetas e praxia construtiva. Memória visual estava bem abaixo do normal para ambos, com muitas rotaçöes, porém sem omissöes ou confabulaçäo. Padräo peculiar de multiplicaçäo dos detalhes internos, que denominamos o "efeito olho de mosca" foi visto em 6 doentes e 8 sob risco. Discriminaçäo defeituosa de cores, quando múltiplas cores eram apresentadas lado a lado, na ausência de anomia ou cegueira a cores, caracterizável como "simultagnosia a cores", surgiu como achado e foi pesquisada em 29 sujeitos 4/10 doentes e 6/19 sob risco mostram esta dificuldade. Conclui-se que disfunçöes cognitivas na esfera visual säo proeminentes nesta família. Se seriam próprias da doença e manifestaçäo precoce daqueles sob risco, está ainda para ser estabelecido. Depressäo foi avaliada com critérios do DSM III-R e com o Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Näo houve diferença entre doentes e sob risco. Entretanto, os pacientes tiveram menos depressäo do que tinham tido antes ou nas fases precoces da doença. A MJD plenamente instalada parecia exercer efeito protetor da depressäo


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics , Azores/ethnology , Brazil , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/diagnosis , Neurologic Examination , Neuropsychological Tests , Pedigree , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Risk Factors
10.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 49(2): 172-9, jun. 1991. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-102771

ABSTRACT

Os autores apresentam o estudo realizado em 5 membros afetados de uma família portadora da doença de Machado-Joseph. Säo abordados os diferentes tipos clínicos da doença encontrados, bem como os exames complementares realizaods, em particular os estudos de tomografia craniana, exames neurofisiológicos (eletromiografia, estudo de conduçäo nervosa, estudo de potencial evocado auditivo), biópsias de nervo periferico e de músculo estriado esquelético, com estudo histoquimico


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics , Skull , Spinocerebellar Degenerations/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Pedigree , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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